Understanding and Preventing School Violence Annotated Bibliography

Understanding and Preventing School Violence - Annotated Bibliography Example Consideration given to the previous cases of school violence and how they have created a sense of fear.   â€Å"According to 2001 polls, more than 50 percent of parents with children in grades K-121 and 75 percent of secondary school students2 now think that a school shooting could occur in their community,† (Juvonen, 1).   The efforts taken by schools to combat the issues surrounding the problem.   These methods would, â€Å"..include the use of metal detectors, the presence of security guards on campus, rules and regulations regarding student conduct and dress, profiling of potentially violent students, anti-bullying instructional programs, and counseling and mediation,† (1).   Providing of facts surrounding the study of school violence.   Emotions felt on the part of the stakeholders most concerned with school violence.   More work is needed to be done, in order to better understand school violence.   The need to make the best possible choices.   With the high statistical data available, there would be plenty of information to show the need to do something.3.  Katers, Nicholas. â€Å"School Violence: The Culture of Violence in America.†Suite101.com 6 October 2006: 1-2Closer examination given to an issue that would have been widely discussed, yet still needing to achieve a solution.   â€Å"The recent spate of school shootings across America has spawned a revisited argument about how to solve the problems of school violence once and for all,† (Katers, 1).   An issue that has remained present within the school system at a continued rate.

EU Law Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

EU Law - Coursework Example It was held in Marshall v Southampton and South West Hampshire Health Authority that an anti-discrimination Directive that had not been implemented by the UK despite the expiration of time for doing so, could not be used against private parties. The ECJ’s decision was based on the rationale that Article 249 of the EC Treaty specifically stated that Directives were binding on the states to which they were addressed.3 The only real possibility for pursuing claims against private parties in cases where damages are sustained and claim would have arisen under an unimplemented directive is in cases where the private individual is under the control of the state, subject to some form of statutory control or provides a public service.4 Fattenem appears to be a private corporate body offering private services and thus cannot be characterized as an agent of the state. There are other possibilities for the residents and the gardener to pursue claims against Fattenem with respect to the un implemented Directive. The doctrine of indirect effect as enunciated in Francovitch v Italian Republic [1992] IRLR 84. In the Francovitch case, the Italian government’s failure to implement a Directive seeking to ensure that employees receive fair compensation when their employers became insolvent resulted in employees losing out on compensation. The court ruled that Italy’s failure to implement the Directive was a breach of its obligation to ensure that the result intended to be achieved was ensured. Thus Italy was liable to compensate the employees.5 Based on the doctrine of indirect effect as enunciated in Francovitch, the residents and gardeners can thus pursue Fattenem for damages relative to the unimplemented Directive. Based on the ruling in Francovitch, the right to take action indirectly is substantiated if it can be established that the damages complained of is exactly the result that the Directive intended to prevent. The Direction was clearly intended to pr event water pollution and the government’s failure to implement the Directive resulted in significant water pollution and damages. Essentially, the Francovitch decision established that individuals may pursue claims against the state in respect of damages sustained as a result of the government’s failure to implement a Directive if three conditions were satisfied.6 First, it must be established that the Directive must transfer some right to the individual complainants. Arguably, the Directive conferred upon the individuals a right to clean and unpolluted water. Secondly, the rights must be discernible from the wording of the Directive. The Directive clearly intended to prevent contamination of water in the areas of waste disposal by those who manufactured fertilisers. Thirdly, there must be a link between the government’s failure to implement the Directive and the corresponding damages complained of. The evidence suggest that the government’s failure to i mplement the Directive resulted in Fattenem’s progressive and unrestrained use of chemicals. The residents had not complained of pollution and contamination before. Thus had the Directive been implemented Fattenem would not have continued to increase its use of the chemical to dangerous levels. Essentially, the